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Group. National Guideline for the management of anogenital warts 2001. Bacigalupo A, Bregante S, Tedone E, Isaza A, Van Lint MT, Trespi G, et al. Combined foscarnet-ganciclovir treatment for cytomegalovirus infections after allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transplantation 1996; 62: 376 Bethge W, Beck R, Jahn G, Mundinger P, Kanz L, Einsele H. Successful treatment of human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999; 24: 1245 Bethune CA, Gompels MM, Taylor C, Angus B, Spickett GP. Treatment of EBV driven lymphoprolipheration with erythrophagocytosis: 12 year follow up. J Clin Pathol 2001; 54: 328 Beutner KR. Valacyclovir: a review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties, and clinical efficacy. Antiviral Res 1995; 28: 281 Beutner KR, Friedman DJ, Forszpaniak C, Anderson PL, Wood MJ. Valacilovir compared with acyclovir for improved therapy for herpes zoster in immunocompetent adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1546 Blanche S, Tardieu M, Rustin P, Slama A, Barret B, Firtion G, et al. Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and perinatal exposure to antiretroviral nucleoside analogues. Lancet 1999; 354: 1084 Booth JCL, Foster GR, Kumar U, Galassini R, Golden RD, Brown JL, et al. Chronic hepatitis C virus infections: predictive value of genotype and level of viraemia on disease progression and response to interferon alpha. Gut 1995; 36: 427 Booth JCL, O'Grady J, Neuberger J. Clinical guidelines on the management of hepatitis C. Gut 2001; 49 Suppl 1 ; : 1 21. Bordigoni P, Carret AS, Venard V, Witz F, Le Faou A. Treatment of adenovirus infections in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 1290 Boulter EA, Thornton B, Bauer DJ, Bye A. Successful treatment of experimental B virus herpesvirus simiae ; infection with aciclovir. Br Med J 1980; 280: 681 Braig S, Luton D, Sibony O, Edlinger C, Boissinot C, Blot P, et al. Acyclovir prophylaxis in late pregnancy prevents recurrent genital herpes and viral shedding. Euro J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 96: 55 Breman JG, Henderson DA. Current concepts: diagnosis and management of smallpox. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1300 Breuer J. Vaccination to prevent varicella and shingles. J Clin Path 2001; 54: 743 British HIV Association BHIVA ; . Guidelines for the treatment of HIV infected adults with antiretroviral therapy 2001. British National Formulary 43 ; , March 2002. Cameron CE, Castro C. The mechanism of action of ribavirin: lethal mutagenesis of RNA virus genomes mediated by the viral RNA-dependant RNA polymerase. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2001; 14: 757 Cohen J. Blocking smallpox: a second defense. In: vaccines for biodefense: a system in distress. Science 2001; 294: 500.
9. Griffiths PD. Spectrum of activity of antiherpesvirus drugs. Antivir Chem Chemother. 1994; 5 suppl 1 ; : 17-22. 10. Grant DM, Mauskopf J, Bell L, Austin R. Comparison of valaciclovir and acyclovir for the treatment of herpes zoster in immunocompetent patients over 50 years of age: a cost consequence model. Pharmacotherapy. 1997; 17: 333-341. Huse DM, Schainbaum S, Kirsch AJ, Tyring S. Economic evaluation of famciclovir in reducing the duration of postherpetic neuralgia. J Health Syst Pharm. 1997; 54: 1180-1184. Degreef H. Famciclovir, a new oral antiherpes drug: results of the first controlled clinical study demonstrating its efficacy and safety in the treatment of uncomplicated herpes zoster in immunocompetent patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 1994; 4: 241-246. Hope-Simpson RE. Postherpetic neuralgia. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1975; 25: 571-575. De Moragas JM, Kierland RR. The outcome of patients with herpes zoster. Arch Dermatol. 1957; 75: 193-196. Wood MJ, Kroon S, eds. Management Strategies in Herpes: Reducing the Burden of Zoster-Associated Pain--Update. Worthing, England: PPS Europe; 1996. 16. Famvir [package insert]. Philadelphia, Pa: SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals; 2000. 17. Freedman LS. Tables of the number of patients required in clinical trials using the logrank test. Stat Med. 1982; 1: 121-129. Kalbfleisch JD, Prentice RL. The Analysis of Failure-Time Data. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1978. 19. Cox DR. Regression models and life table. J R Stat Soc B. 1972; 34: 187-220. Whitley RJ, Shukla S, Crooks RJ. The identification of risk factors associated with persistent pain following herpes zoster. J Infect Dis. 1998; 178 suppl 1 ; : S71-S75. 21. Dworkin RH, Portenoy RK. Proposed classification of herpes zoster pain [letter]. Lancet. 1994; 343: 1648. Wood MJ, the Herpes Zoster Clinical Trial Consensus Group. For debate: how should zoster trials be conducted? J Antimicrob Chemother. 1995; 36: 1089-1101. Dworkin RH, Carrington D, Cunningham A, et al. Assessment of pain in herpes zoster: lessons learned from antiviral trials. Antiviral Res. 1997; 33: 73-85. Dworkin RH, Hartstein G, Rosner HL, Walther RR, Sweeney EW, Brand L. A high-risk method for studying psychosocial antecedents of chronic pain: the prospective investigation of herpes zoster. J Abnorm Psychol. 1992; 101: 200-205. Wood MJ, Kay R, Dworkin RH, Soong S-J, Whitley RJ. Oral acyclovir therapy accelerates pain resolution in patients with herpes zoster: a metaanalysis of placebo-controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis. 1996; 22: 341-347. Famvir [package insert]. Welwyn Garden City, England: SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals PLL; 1999. 27. Famvir [package insert]. Dandenong, Victoria, Australia: SmithKline Beecham Aust ; Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd; 1999. 28. Red Book 1999: Supplement April 1999. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Data; 1999.
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By Lindsey Duncan, N.D., C.N. uring my public health seminars and interviews, I frequently questioned about the validity of specific supplements and asked to make comparisons. At any given time, there is usually a product that has become popularized as being a "cure-all." Throughout my 20 years of practicing naturopathy, I've come across thousands of nutritional supplements that fall into this category. They fail miserably, without giving any results at all, and avoid any "real" scientific substantiation. In fact, they often make a problem worse because people will quickly dismiss all similar products. This has been especially true of diluted noni and diluted goji juices. Recently, more and more people are asking me about mangosteen juice, which deserves to have its record set straight.
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| Valaciclovir for saleThe protease inhibitor PI ; ritonavir Norvir ; is often used together with another protease inhibitor such as amprenavir Agenerase ; , indinavir Crixivan ; or saquinavir Fortovase ; because ritonavir can boost the level of these other PIs to a higher level than they would ever reach if they were taken without ritonavir. A ritonavir-boosted regimen often has the advantage of better anti-HIV activity than a single-PI regimen. Boosted regimens also allow PHAs to take their pills twice daily rather than three times daily. Another advantage of boosted regimens is that they often involve fewer pills than do unboosted regimens and voltaren, for example, genital herpes.
Jocelyn Downie, "Contemporary Health Research: A Cautionary Tale" 2003 ; Special Edition Health L.J. 1. The Stem Cell Network, online: : stemcellnetwork . T. Caulfield & B. Williams-Jones, eds., The Commercialization of Genetic Research: Ethical, Legal and Policy Issues New York: Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishing, 1999 ; 200.
1. Beutner KR, Friedman SJ, Forszpaniak C, Andersen PL, Wood MJ. Valacickovir compared with acyclovir for improved therapy of herpes zoster in immunocompetent patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1546-53. Whitley R, Weiss HL, Soong SJ, Gnann JW. Herpes zoster: risk categories for persistent pain. J Infect Dis 1999; 179: 9-15. Han LL, Alexander JP, Anderson LJ. Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia among the elderly: an assessment of disease burden. J Infect Dis 1999; 179: 25-30. Orr PH, Nicolle LE, Duckworth H, Brunka J, Kennedy J, Murray D, et al. Febrile urinary tract infection in the institutionalized elderly. J Med 1996; 100: 71-7. Rello J, Rodriguez R, Jubert P, Alvarez B. Severe community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly; epidemiology and prognosis. Study Group for Severe CommunityAcquired Pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23: 723-8. Hedlund J, Kalin M, rtqvist . Recurrence of pneumonia in middle-aged and elderly adults after hospital-treated pneumonia: aetiology and predisposing conditions. Scand J Infect Dis 1997; 29: 387-92. Burman L, Trollfors B, Norrby R. Invasive pneumococcal infections: Incidence, predisposing factors and prognosis. Rev Infect Dis 1985; 7: 133-42. Gross PA, Quinnan GV, Rodstein M, LaMontagne JR, Kaslow RA. Saah AJ, et al. Association of influenza immunization with reduction in mortality in an elderly population. A prospective study. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 562-5. Grossman RF, Campbell DA, Landis SJ, Garber GE, Murray G, Stiver HG, Saginur RE, et al. Treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: the role of cefepime, a fourth generation cephalosporin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43: 549-54. Phillips SL, Branaman-Phillips J. The use of intramuscular cefoperazone versus intramuscular ceftriaxone in patients with nursing home-acquired pneumonia. J Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 1071-4. Hirata-Dulas CA, Stein DJ, Guay DR, Gruninger RP, Peterson PK. A randomized study of ciprofloxacin versus ceftriaxone in the treatment of nursing home-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. J Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 979-85. Gleason PP, Meehan TP, Fine JM, Galusha FJ, Fine MJ. Association between initial antimicrobial therapy and medical outcomes for hospitalized elderly patients with pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 2562-72. Forsn KO, Wikberg R, Lehtonen L. Efficacy and tolerance of erythromycin acistrate in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis on the elderly. Chemotherapy 1993; 36: 443-52. Debbas N, Derenne JP. Preventive effects of an immunostimulating product on recurrent infections of chronic bronchitis in the elderly. Lung 1990; 178, S737-40 and zantac.
| In summary, only liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction method were used. Liquid-liquid extraction requires two procedures, one for acidic and one for basic drugs. SPE was performed with mixed-mode cartridges, classic hydrophobic bonded phase or a polymer.
Effective DEAE dextran-mediated transfection of primary blood lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and immature hematopoietic cells for use in functional DNA repair assays K Thoms, 1 J Baesecke, 2 C Neumann1 and S Emmert1 1 Dermatology, Goettingen University, Goettingen, Lower Saxony, Germany and 2 Hematology and Oncology, Goettingen University, Goettingen, Lower Saxony, Germany The host cell reactivation HCR ; assay measures the ability of transfected cells to repair plasmid DNA damage as reflected in the recovery of luciferase activity. We established the HCR assay to measure DNA repair capacity of primary blood lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and CD34 + cells using an optimized DEAE dextran transfection protocol. 2x105 cells were transfected with 250 ng plasmid DNA. Primary blood lymphocytes were isolated by Ficoll gradient and, after cryopreservation, PHA stimulated for 3 days. Immature dendritic cells were derived from primary blood monocytes 6 day cultures in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF ; . CD34 + cells were isolated from cord blood by MACS and, after cryopreservation, cultured in stem cell medium. We obtained luciferase activities 1000-fold, 200-fold, and 350-fold above background activity with undamaged plasmids in the different cell types, respectively. In addition, we established a plasmid shuttle vector mutagenesis assay using primary blood lymphocytes. 2x106 PHA stimulated lymphocytes were transfected with 250 ng reporter plasmid using DEAE dextran. After 2 days the plasmids were harvested from the cells and transformed into bacteria. Blue colonies indicate complete DNA damage repair whereas white bacterial colonies indicate mutations resulting from unrepaired DNA damage. These two functional DNA repair assays established with different primary cells will enable us to test individuals for their capacity of different DNA repair pathways like nucleotideexcision, baseexcision, or double strand break repair depending on the type of DNA damage induced in the plasmid and ceclor.
Another group, the China Disabled Persons' Federation, listed its contributions, specifically the distribution of iodized oil to areas of high risk and provision of educational material, as described by Deng Pufang, Chairman of the Federation. The conference also included reports on three regions where IDD has been particularly severe, Tibet, Jilin, and Sichuan. Tibet has complex problems with salt distribution, which make iodization particularly difficult to introduce. Iodization of brick tea has been developed, but is still not widely available. An iodized oil program has also been used. In Jilin, the iodine deficiency has been severe. Reports of decreasing prevalence several years ago were in error, but led to a relaxation of elimination efforts. Administrative changes also tended to obscure the importance of the IDD problem. The regional authorities are now emphasizing cooperation between sectors, increased financing, improvement in salt supply, regulations against distribution of inadequately iodized salt, and education. Sichuan had an effective iodized salt distribution program in the 1970's, but production decreased in subsequent years, leading to increased manifestations of iodine deficiency. The government is now promulgating programs to increase accessibility to iodized salt, to reach 70% of the population by 1995 and 100% by 1997. Sichuan also recognizes the importance of far-reaching educational activity to involve leadership, the salt industry, and the general public. NATIONAL PLAN OF ACTION The conference included working sessions to enable the participants from the individual provinces to discuss a draft national plan of action and deal with specific technical and implementation issues. At the conclusion, the provincial officials endorsed a revised national plan, which is now in the hands of the State Council for approval and circulation to provincial and regional governments. The key principles of the national plan of action are: 1. Recognition that IDD includes, in addition to goiter and cretinism, a potential loss of intellectual capacity of more than 10 I.Q. points across entire areas, even those affected by only mild iodine deficiency; 2. Recognition that iodine deficiency disorders are not restricted to remote or rural areas, but can be found in all geographical areas of the country; 3. IDD elimination nationwide can only be achieved through multisectoral cooperation; 4. IDD's are an issue of national development; and 5. IDD's are most cost effectively eliminated by universal salt iodization. MULTISECTORAL COORDINATION The meeting discussed multisectoral collaboration and management. The Ministry of Public Health and the salt industry, under the China National Council of Light Industry, have the major responsibility. Others include: the State Planning Commission; State Education Commission; Ministries of Agriculture, Legislation, Chemical Industry, Transportation, Railway Transportation, Internal Trade, Finance, Civil Affairs, Tax and Tariffs, Broadcasting, Movies and Television; the State Pharmaceutical Administration Bureau; Bureau of Legislation under the State Council National Bureau for Industry and Commerce; National Family Planning.
Received September 28, 2003; revision accepted February 18, 2004. From the Coronary Artery Disease Research Unit J.S.S., J.C.K. ; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience Z.K., H.S.M ; , St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK. Correspondence to Prof J.C. Kaski, Director, Coronary Artery Disease Research Unit, Cardiological Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, England. E-mail jkaski sghms.ac 2004 American Heart Association, Inc. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. is available at : atvbaha DOI: 10.1161 01 V.0000124890.40436.77 and celecoxib.
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What is it? Producing saliva is important for making it easier to chew food and to protect teeth from decay. A bad taste in the mouth can discourage eating. Dry mouth: Several drugs, including ARVs, can cause a decrease in the production of saliva. This increases the risk of tooth decay Change in taste: ARVS, especially protease inhibitors, can sometimes change a person's ability to taste and give the impression of having a bad taste in the mouth. For a dry mouth, consult the doctor who might be able to prescribe a drug to increase secretion of saliva. For a dry mouth: Chew chewing gum to stimulate the production of saliva. Drink water frequently. For change in taste: Eat menthol sweets or chew gum to change the taste in the mouth, for example, cure for herpes.
A planting base of acanthopanax of the "north medicine vitalization campaign" of heilongjiang province file photo competence of large ones and cleocin.
NSW Health 2001 ; . Getting in Early A Framework for Early Intervention and Prevention in Mental Health for Young People in NSW. North Sydney: NSW Health. NSW Health 2002 ; . Framework for Rehabilitation for Mental Health. North Sydney: NSW Health. NSW Health 2003 ; . Family and Carers Training FACT ; Project: Research Report. North Sydney: NSW Health. NSW Health 2004 ; . Framework for Suicide Risk Assessment and Management for NSW Health Staff. North Sydney: NSW Health. NSW Health 2006a ; . NSW: A New Direction for Mental Health. North Sydney: NSW Health. NSW Health 2006b ; . NSW Drug and Alcohol Clinical Supervision Guidelines. North Sydney: NSW Health. Patterson, J & Clapp, C. 2004 ; . Working with Families: Clinical Treatment Guidelines for Alcohol and Drug Clinicians, no 11. Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, Fitzroy: Victoria. Powell, D.J. and Brodsky, A. 2004 ; . Clinical Supervision in Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counseling: Principles, Models, Methods. Brisbane: John Wiley and Sons. Prochaska, J.O., DiClemente, C.C. and Norcross, J. C. 1992 ; . In Search of How People Change: Applications to Addictive Behaviours. American Psychologist, 47 9 ; , 1102 1114, because herpes remedy!
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Section 1410.10 Absence of Trainers In the absence of a trainer more than six consecutive days from the stable ; , due to sickness or any other cause, he shall, with the approval of the stewards, appoint an alternate trainer licensed by the Board, to fulfill his duties. In this event, joint responsibility will rest with both parties, and the names of both parties shall appear in the racing program. Section 1410.20 Report Disabled Horses A trainer shall report all sickness or disability of his horses to the state veterinarians. Section 1410.25 Deceased or Sick Horses No deceased or sick horse may be removed from the grounds of a licensed race track operator without prior approval of the state veterinarian's office Section 1410.40 State Veterinarians' List A horse excused through sickness or disability shall be placed on the state veterinarians' list. Section 1410.50 Obey Sanitary, Humane and Safety Laws A trainer shall see to it that the stables and immediate surrounding area assigned to him are sanitary at all times and that the humane laws of the State of Illinois be observed, also that the fire prevention rules especially no-smoking in the stable areas ; be strictly observed at all times. Constant misuse of property will be considered when stall assignments are made.
C.S. Ghosh, R. Joseraj, Dinesa Prabhu, Anitha Kumari, Manju Kamal Candida spp. are ubiquitous fungi, found as commensals in the mouth and GIT of humans. Asthmatic patients with candidin hypersensitivity can later develop allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis. Owing to the ubiquitous nature of the fungus, the whole of the normal population is expected to be positive for candidin skin test. Studies report 50 to 95% positivity. Hence the test is applied for assessing skin anergy in patients with altered CMI especially sarcoidosis. 1. To assess the candidin skin test response in patients with respiratory allergy. 2. To assess the applicability of Candidin skin test for detecting skin anergy. Trohoc anlaysis. Allergy clinic, Dept of Respiratory Medicine, MCH, Trivandrum Study Population : Study was done in 750 patients with symptoms of respiratory allergy who attended the allergy clinic, Dept of Respiratory Medicine for allergy testing. Patients with history of diabetes, pulmonary tuberculosis, other immunosuppressive disease and those with TC 4000 cmm were excluded. Patients who attended the allergy clinic for skin testing were injected 0.lml of candidin intradermally into the flexor aspect of the forearm to raise a wheal of 3 mm. The reaction characterized by erythema, induration and pseudopodia were measured at the end of 20 minutes, 4 hours and 48 hours patients were asked to report back if there was an increase in size or persistence of induration ; were compared with control and analyzed. 1. Only 9.3% cases with respiratory allergy showed positivity to candidin. 2. None of these patients with immediate hypersensitivity showed delayed reaction and colchicine.
METHODS: Relevant diagnostic data were collected from medical and financial records of HBV infected patients at the National University Hospital, the major hospital in Western Singapore. Each patient was followed up to five years. Clinical data collected included clinical diagnosis, laboratory investigations, ultrasound, and CT and liver biopsy results. Medical resource utilisation considered included the cost of consultation, outpatient care, medication, inpatient stays, and surgery and laboratory tests. The treatment costs due to chronic HBV infection and its related complications were specifically differentiated from those due to other medical conditions. Costs were annualized according to the years of follow up. In the estimation of every resource used, the cost was calculated by multiplying annual frequency and cost per item. The total annual direct cost for each patient at 2003 value ; was obtained by summing up all the defined items. RESULTS: During the data collection period October 2002 until early April 2003 ; , the case notes of 157 patients 116 chronic HBV, 13 compensated cirrhosis, 5 decompensated cirrhosis, 3 HCC, and 20 LT ; were evaluated. The estimated average annual treatment cost of the different categories of patients was: chronic HBV: Sing$718.15 range: $80.11-$4, 690.05 compensated cirrhosis: Sing$1, 194.79 range $316.60-$2, 203.60 decompensated cirrhosis: Sing$13162.55 range: $7065.40$25, 638.80 and HCC: Sing$6628.97 range: $4580.41-$8819.91 ; For LT cases, the estimated average cost during the hospitalization of the LT procedure only was Sing$73, 673.10 range: $47, 435.48-$186, 708.56 ; CONCLUSION: The results show that chronic HBV infection and its associated complications impose a significant financial burden to the health care system in Singapore. These data would provide valuable information for healthcare planners and providers in the management of HBV infection especially in the area of allocating resources. PCSID11: MONTE CARLO SIMULATION FOR COST COMPARISON OF INFLUENZA VACCINATION TOWARD SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN IN JAPAN Cai L1, Nakajo K1, Nishimura K2, Yanagisawa S1, Aino H1, Inoue H1, Kamae I1, 1Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; 2Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA The strategy toward influenza vaccination is currently on individual-initiated basis in Japanese school. Although our former analysis on the issue suggested mandatory vaccination in Japanese school has substantial cost savings, there still exist controversies on the alternatives for the vaccination. OBJECTIVE: Using multivariate analysis with the Monte Carlo simulation, we evaluate cost-consequences of the controversial strategies for influenza vaccination to compare with no vaccination for healthy school-aged children in Japan. METHOD: A cost-consequence analysis was performed by decision analytic modeling using data from the literature. The decision tree was employed to make a healthy school-aged child facing the alternatives toward influenza: 1 ; individual-initiated voluntary vaccination; 2 ; mandatory vaccination in school; or 3 ; no vaccination. Direct costs such as medical cost for vaccination, physician visits, and treatments were taken into account including indirect costs as lost productivity of the parents burdened by taking care of their children. The multivariate analysis in use of the Monte Carlo simulation was performed to compare the total cost of each scenario with that of no vaccination consequence. RESULTS: Considering two covariates, i.e., vaccination effect and prevalence of influenza, the analysis was able to make us reconfirm the similar conclusion as the suggestion in the past study that the total cost of mandatory scenario had a marginal saving of US$50 JY6000 ; comparing with the voluntary one. The results were quite robust towards multi-way sensitivity analysis in the computer simulation. CONCLUSION: Mandatory policy for influenza vaccination for school-aged children is favorable with substantial cost savings in the societal perspective of Japan. PCSID13: THE COST COMPARISON OF VALACICLOVIR AND ACICLOVIR FOR THE TREATMENT OF HERPES ZOSTER IN IMMUNOCOMPETENT PATIENTS OVER 50 YEARS OF AGE IN JAPAN Nakahara N1, Yanagisawa S1, Kamae I1, Miyazaki H2, Kawashima M3, 1Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; 2Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; 3Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost-consequence of Valaciflovir VACV ; compared with Acyclovir ACV ; in immunocompetent patients aged 50 years or older with herpes zoster in Japan. METHODS: The cost-consequence analysis was conducted based on the published analytical model developed in UK. Clinical outcomes data were employed from the results of a phase III trial, pivotal, double blind randomized with VACV vs. ACV for 7 days of medication. Direct medical costs and indirect costs were estimated based on clinical data collected in hospitals in Japan, and on statistical data published by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Direct medical costs consist of drug acquisition costs for the antiherpes and pain relief agents, visits to special physicians, hospitalizations, severe ocular complications and costs of treating long-term pain mainly due to post herpes zoster neuralgia PHN ; . Indirect costs were also estimated as lost earnings for patients still in paid employment. In addition to discounting of 5% for.
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Summary of the RED research report entitled "The primary health care component under the rural development programme of BRAC: a review" by Fazlul Karim, et.al. 1995 March. 63p. Summarized by AKM Ahsan Ullah.
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Limited data show that aciclovir does pass into human breast milk. Aciclovir has been detected in breast milk at concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 4.1 times the corresponding aciclovir plasma concentrations. Caution is therefore advised if Valtrex is to be administered to a breast-feeding mother. Valtrex should only be administered to breast-feeding mothers if the benefits to the mother outweigh the potential risks to the baby. Use in Children Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established. Hydration Status Care should be taken to ensure adequate fluid intake in patients who are at risk of dehydration, particularly the elderly. Information for Patients Patients should be informed that Valtrex or any other antiviral ; is not a cure for genital herpes. Because genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease, patients should avoid contact with lesions or intercourse when lesions and or symptoms are present to avoid infecting partners. Genital herpes can also be transmitted in the absence of symptoms through asymptomatic viral shedding. Use in genital herpes Continuous therapy with Valtrex in patients with recurrent genital herpes reduces the risk of transmitting genital herpes. It does not cure genital herpes or completely eliminate the risk of transmission. In addition to therapy with Valtrex, it is recommended that patients use safer sex practices. Driving No special precautions necessary. A detrimental effect on driving or ability to operate machinery can not be predicted from the pharmacological properties of valciclovir or the active substance aciclovir. No studies to investigate the effect of valaciclovir on such activities have been conducted. However, the clinical status of the patient and the adverse event profile of valaciclovir should be borne in mind when considering a patient's ability to drive or operate machinery. Use in patients with renal impairment The dose of valaciclovir must be reduced in patients with renal impairment see Dosage and Administration ; . Aciclovir delivered by valaciclovir is eliminated by renal clearance see Pharmacology ; . Patients with renal impairment are at increased risk of developing neurological side effects and should be closely monitored for evidence of these effects. In the reported cases, these reactions were generally reversible on discontinuation of treatment see Adverse Reactions ; . Use in the elderly Elderly patients are likely to have reduced renal function and therefore the need for dose reduction must be considered in this group of patients. Elderly patients are at increased risk of developing neurological side effects and should be closely monitored for evidence of these effects. In the reported cases, these reactions were generally reversible on discontinuation of treatment see Adverse Reactions ; . Reversible neurological reactions including dizziness, confusion, hallucinations, rarely decreased consciousness and very rarely tremor, ataxia, dysarthria, convulsions, encephalopathy and coma have been reported. These events are usually seen in patients with renal impairment or with other predisposing factors. In organ transplant patients receiving high Issue No.8.
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